1 percent of offshore wind investments could restore millions of hectares of marine life

Offshore wind farms do not only deliver clean energy, but can play a vital role in restoring vulnerable ecosystems as well, both above and below the waterline. This includes seabed habitats, coral reefs, seagrass meadows and coastal wetlands – ecosystems of critical importance for biodiversity, fish populations and climate resilience.

The study was conducted by a diverse team of international scientists. Published in the journal BioScience, the research comes at a critical time: around the world, key global nature goals are slipping out of reach due to a lack of funding and political will, including the UN target to restore 30 percent of degraded ecosystems by 2030.

Embed smart biodiversity requirements

The researchers found that dedicating just 1 percent of the global offshore wind investments until 2050 could fund the restoration of millions of square kilometers of marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and oyster reefs. “Offshore wind has a unique opportunity to not only support the energy transition but also become the first marine industry to make a net-positive contribution to large-scale ecosystem restoration,” says lead author Christiaan van Sluis (The Rich North Sea). “By embedding smart biodiversity requirements in offshore wind licensing and tendering procedures now, we can reverse biodiversity loss with just a fraction of the total investment.”

Nature restoration pays off

Restoring marine ecosystems not only benefits plants and animals, but also people. Healthy seas and coastal habitats absorb carbon, protect shorelines and support fish populations. According to the study, every dollar invested in ecosystem restoration can return 2 to 12 dollar in societal benefits. This is especially relevant as the offshore wind sector is set to grow exponentially, from 56 gigawatts in 2021 to an estimated 2,000 gigawatts by 2050. “If we structurally integrate marine restoration into this expansion, we can actually meet our biodiversity targets,” says Van Sluis.

Embedding restoration in policy

The authors urge governments to make marine restoration a standard requirement in offshore wind policy. This includes mandating that a fixed percentage of project investments be allocated to marine biodiversity, through licensing conditions or non-price criteria in tendering. With the sector expanding rapidly, nature restoration should be structurally integrated into policy.

Nature restoration through tendering

The Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom already have centralized tendering systems that are well-suited to include biodiversity criteria. An internationally coordinated and legally embedded approach would enable economies of scale and fair competition and prevent marine ecosystems from falling victim to price-driven decision making. “At Van Oord, nature-inclusive design and construction is a key theme. Including non-pricing criteria in tenders has worked well in several Dutch projects. The time is right to upscale marine restoration in the global rollout of offshore wind,” says Karen Vennik, Commercial Director Offshore Energy and Ocean Health at Van Oord.

The Rich North Sea and NIOZ

The study was carried out under the Rich North Sea program, an initiative by NGO’s Natuur & Milieu (Nature & Environment) and the North Sea Foundation. The program investigates how offshore wind development can go hand-in-hand with marine nature enhancement. Along the Dutch coast, The Rich North Sea collaborates with energy companies, wind farm owners and scientists to advance biodiversity in offshore wind farms. The program is supported by the National Postcode Lottery.

The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) is the national oceanographic research center of the Netherlands. NIOZ aims to advance fundamental understanding of marine systems, how they change, their role in climate and biodiversity and how they can offer sustainable solutions for society.

More information

• The publication, titled 'Financing marine restoration through offshore wind investments' was published in the scientific journal Bioscience on 7 July 2025.

Text: Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ)
Images: The Rich North Sea